Prometheus and Gaea

Prometheus and Gaga: Any Rand's Choice of Characters Throughout Greek folklore Prometheus Is known as the fire bearing Titan who defied Zeus and spared the world from his scourge of a hatless and daintiness discipline. Like shrewd, Equality In Anthem likewise defies his administration because of seeing the debasement inside it. These likenesses show how their lives epitomize the Ideal of independence. Moreover, Gaga, the goddess of earth, is similar with The Golden one from Anthem; both would be viewed as the start of another race.In specific, Prometheus and Equality trails and encounters relate to one another and evoke the thought processes behind their venturesome activities. At last, Any Rand changes the names of her characters to Prometheus and Gaga as their lives equal the lives of Equality and the Golden One both with comparable preliminaries and penances for humankind. Prometheus and Equality defiance are comparable. The two of them energetically want success for their human r ace and are happy to oppose a higher capacity to accomplish it.Initially, their disobedience to a higher force is very comparative: â€Å"The rebel Prometheus, who had taken such a munititions stockpile hazard for humankind, presently was confronted with getting the fire down to earth. † (Pontoons; Prometheus; Mythology's Original Rebel). Moreover, Equality opposed the more powerful that compromised his mankind: † You tricks! ‘ we cried. You tricks! ‘ You threefold accursed numb-skulls! † (Rand, page 75). Here Equality calls the most noteworthy force, the Council of the Scholars, â€Å"Thrice-cursed fools† in light of the fact that they dismiss his contribution to humanity.Later, Equality promises to secure his picked siblings and start another defiance race that would be based off Individualism and steadfastness. He needed to rate another race of people, a race that would be better than the individuals that he grew up with. He would include thi ngs that would make them like divine beings comparative with that of the past people, for example, independence and adoration for there own soul. Here, Rand shows Equality plans for humankind, â€Å"Our child will be raised as a man. He will be educated to state ‘I' and to hold up under the pride of it.He will be instructed to walk straight and on his own feet. He will be trained worship for his own spirit† (Rand, page 100). In like manner, Pontoons likewise depicts Prometheus' view on the making of people when e composes, â€Å"Prometheus had made people in the resemblance of gods† and furthermore when he says, â€Å"Prometheus, the insightful Titan, made man stand upstanding like the divine beings to be respectable and cognizant and to hold his head high, gazing toward the heavens† (Pontoons, Prometheus; Mythology Original Rebel).These likenesses in regards to defiance and diversion of people among Equality and Prometheus inspire their thought processes and embody how their lives are equal. All through Greek folklore, Gaga Is known as Mother Earth, the maker of life, and the goddess of Earth. The attributes of others during the manifestations of Gaga and The Golden One are the general subject among Anthem and Saga's legends. These attributes compare with how Any Rand portrays The Golden One, â€Å"Let this be your name, my Golden One, for you are to be the mother of another sort of gods† (Rand, 99).Thus the Golden one Is depicted as the mother of another sort of race. Incidentally, a theme all through Anthem as we went toward the northern street, we kept our eyes upon Liberty 5-3000 in the field†¦ Then one day they approached the fence, and abruptly they went to us†¦ They stopped as a stone† (Rand, Page 39, 40). The Golden One is related various occasions with nature and characterized by it. A case of this is the point at which the Golden One feeds Equality water from the stream; the affection that they share is crossed over through mother-earth.The various showcases of nature displayed through the Golden one underlines how their live are equivalent and significantly equal. Another part of Prometheus and Equality experience that are reliable incorporates their encounters. Initially, both acknowledged serious torment for humankind. For Prometheus' situation, he irritated Zeus by tricking him and taking the fire from the Palace of the divine beings and improvise back to earth, where Zeus disallowed it. This maddened Zeus so much that he put Prometheus through horrifying torment for up to 30,000 years.Parallel to Prometheus, equity was whipped and tormented on account of his insubordination to reply to the Council of the Home. In like manner, both Prometheus and Equality were constrained into addressing, yet both can't: † Where have you been? Be that as it may, we Jerked our head away, concealed our face upon our tied hands, and bit our lips† (Rand, page 65). And furthermore in Prometheus' story: â€Å"Zeus offers Prometheus an opportunity to free himself by veiling data that Prometheus knew' This thought of continuance is important in the two circumstances and it underscores the willing enthusiasm that the two characters had for their human race.Gaga is likewise known for yielding posterity with Uranus, the divine force of the sky, and demonstrating sheer mental fortitude in requesting her child Crocus to execute his privates: â€Å"Uranus was anxious about the possibility that that one of his Titan youngsters would wind up ousting him†¦ The Titans were hence detained by Uranus in Tartar's, a locale of the Underworld†¦ From the blood of Uranus that fell on her, Gaga imagined Eeriness†¦ Gaga may have spared Zeus from a destiny like his dad's Crocus]† (Pontoons; â€Å"Gaga?Mother Earth†). With energy, The Golden One deserted her previous existence of bondage to follow Equality.The Golden One indicated mental fortitude by getti ng away from the city and vowing herself to Equality forever; this progression of confidence would lead her to deliver posterity Just as Gaga did. The likenesses in their convictions and their readiness to make a move in time of misery are Just another part of how these characters are equal. All in all, a definitive name change of Any Rand's characters?Greek divine beings Prometheus and Gaga?are emblematic portrayals of the ivies of Equality and The Golden One. They energetically present their lives for everyone's benefit of creation.Overall, Any Rand's decision of Prometheus is Justified through the uprisings, torments, and objectives for mankind that equal Equality. Any Rand's decision of Gaga is pertinent too due to the fearlessness and characteristics that The Golden One and Gaga offer. Taking everything into account, Any Rand saw the characters of Prometheus and Gaga and saw them as ideal counterparts for Equality and The Golden One. Thinking in the present time and place, how might the present world admission without valiant pioneers, for example, The Golden One and Equality?

Modern Political Theory Free Essays

string(81) promising a heavenly existence in the wake of death as an award for the best possible direct of this life. Opportunity, one of our generally normal and influential ideas, is utilized (and abused) with uncommonly little valuation for its importance. Not exclusively is opportunity ineffectively saw, yet we are erroneously sure that we do get it (Dudley 24). One of my principle objectives in this paper, subsequently, is to clarify it. We will compose a custom article test on Present day Political Theory or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now So as to do as such, opportunity should be comprehended or brought about by correlation. In anticipation of these translations, the paper will consider quickly the two most significant originations of opportunity on which Mill and Nietzsche construct. The first and less far reaching of these two is that of radicalism. The second, which is more thorough than that of radicalism, is that of Nietzsche. The reason for this paper is to consider the connections between the originations of opportunity created by Mill and Nietzsche. These originations, while irrefutably extraordinary, are correlative. Nietzsche accepted that opportunity is one of the principal issues. Yet, not opportunity comprehended in customary or political terms. Opportunity for Nietzsche relies on both good ethicalness and scholarly goodness, yet it is neither practiced in or nor accomplished through political life. That doesn't imply that Nietzsche’s record of opportunity is without political ramifications. Unexpectedly, his exceptional distinguishing proof of opportunity with reasoning and dominance mirrors a position request of qualities in which political freedom and lawful bondage are basically indistinguishableâ€both, from the point of view managed by the instructing statures above political life where the free soul stays, are similarly types of unfreedom. Tending to a â€Å"serious word† to â€Å"the most serious,† Nietzsche associates opportunity to commitment to reality (BGE 25). While he cautions â€Å"philosophers and companions of knowledge† about the compulsion to suffering associated with â€Å"suffering ‘for the truth’s sake’!† (BGE 25), he all things considered shows that in all actuality worth looking for those fit for opportunity and isolation. Though logical information serves life by encouraging numbness, philosophical information appears to subvert life by alienating the knower from society. Though the researcher, an admirer of numbness from Nietzsche’s viewpoint, is bound to a charming unfreedom, the logician, in Nietzsche’s feeling of the term an admirer of truth, accomplishes a horrendous opportunity through constancy to his employment. This devotion comprises in a deliberate suspicion coordinated toward all tenets, joined by a reasonable withdrawal from political life. The free spirit’s information and opportunity are not the most elevated of which individuals are proficient. The most elevated anticipates the appearance of a â€Å"new types of philosophers† (BGE 42-44). These future thinkers are particularly described by the unsafe examinations they attempt. They most likely will be â€Å"friends of ‘truth†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ and likely will cherish â€Å"their truths,† be that as it may, Nietzsche demands, they â€Å"will unquestionably not be dogmatists† (BGE 43). By this he doesn't imply that the new logicians will need convictions they hold to be valid, but instead that they will avoid demanding that what is valid for them must be â€Å"a truth for everyman.† Yet so distant from mirroring a leveling convention that praises the uniformity or pride everything being equal, Nietzsche’s comprehension of fanaticism is established in the profoundly refined view that just the â€Å"higher kind of man† is fit to hear, and to live as per, the most noteworthy bits of knowledge (BGE 30). While the free soul remains the new philosopher’s envoy and antecedent (BGE 44), there is a gap on the contrary side between the opportunity of the free soul (der Freie Geist) and the opportunity of the â€Å"falsely purported ‘free spirits,†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ that is, the freethinkers (Freidenker), the democrats, all the â€Å"goodly backers of ‘modern ideas†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ (BGE 44). Free scholars uncover their unfreedom in their â€Å"basic inclination† to consider distinguished to be life as the foundation of all affliction and hardship. Nietzsche finds in the popularity based understanding of political life a similar offense against truth that he asserts Plato executed, for it is â€Å"a method of standing truth cheerfully up on her head† (BGE 44). Popularity based freethinkers, wishing to spread material flourishing, ensure solace and security, set up all inclusive balance, and most distinctively abrogate enduring, are incognizant in regards to the rank request of human kinds and consequently subjugated to numbness. What is so horrible from Nietzsche’s perspective in the advancement of vote based, common ideas of the great isn't just that the popularity based translation of man is bogus yet rather that, as Socrates’ hypothetical understanding of the real world and Christianity’s strict translation of the world, the majority rule translation disables those of high position by harming the air that free spirits relax. The free soul is taught and raised not by material thriving however by hardship, not by solace and security yet by dread and seclusion, not by correspondence yet by servitude, not by the nullification of misery yet by the arrival of â€Å"everything detestable, awful, oppressive in man,† and not by satisfaction yet by â€Å"malice against the baits of reliance that untruth covered up in respects, or cash, or workplaces, or enthusiasms of the senses† (BGE 44). Nietzsche is aware of no intrigue that overrides, perceives no correct that cutoff points, and sees nothing but bad adjacent to that of the higher kind. This doesn't involve figuring however of rule. Holding onto as his own the battle to return truth to her feet and reestablish her respect, Nietzsche guards truth’s respect by testing Plato as well as Christianity, the structure where Platonism has vanquished Europe. The battle against Christianity has opened up gigantic additional opportunities; it â€Å"has made in Europe a grand strain of the soul, the like of which has never yet existed on earth.† Note that Nietzsche not just makes theory, and its political appearance in Christianity, answerable for the most noticeably terrible, generally sturdy, and generally risky everything being equal, however, in declaring that â€Å"with so tense a bow we would now be able to go for the most removed goals,† he likewise finds in reasoning the wellspring of his most elevated expectation (Dudley 31). That most removed objective, which he hypothesizes is just currently coming into see for â€Å"good Europeans, and free, extremely free spirits,† among whom he classes himself, is a way of thinking of things to come. Platonism and Christianity conceded people a suspicion that all is well and good as people. Christianity did this by promising a heavenly existence in the wake of death as a compensation for the correct direct of this life. You read Current Political Theory in class Article models Platonism gave the individual the expectation that singular restrictions could be risen above by normal understanding which, when completely created, could ship the spirit to an encounter of a definitive, atemporal reality. Christianity and Platonism offered the individual a feeling that the exercises of this life were significant by alluding them to constant real factors outside life. The Platonic-Christian translation of individual presence is, it might be said, effectively dead, as indicated by Nietzsche. The individuals from the cutting edge world don't generally encounter their lives as significant as a result of these traditions’ extraworldly dreams. In any case, present day people who have come to accept that this world is the main world, this life the main life the individual will understanding, are probably going to be upset by this knowledge. Our Platonic and Christian foundation has given us the feeling that our exercises have meaning, yet the ground of that importance not, at this point appears to be accessible. Nietzsche’s variant of this investigate of progressivism is certain in his conversations of wantonness. For the debauched subject, it turns out, is exactly one whose will neglects to act naturally deciding. Free willing is saved for, and is the deciding trait of, the honorable subject, with whom Nietzsche differentiates the wanton. Nietzsche’s conversations of wantonness and respectability can in this way productively be comprehended as tending to the subject of the vital prerequisites of a through and through freedom. Nietzsche likewise perceives, similar to Mill, that even the most uninhibitedly willing subject remains not entirely free, and that a satisfactory record of opportunity should in this manner examine the exercises that give a freedom that willing can't. Nietzsche’s record of the constraints of willing is understood in his investigate of honorability. The honorable subject figures out how to will unreservedly, yet in any case remains remotely decided thus not completely free. This fragmented opportunity of honorability is conquered distinctly by those people and networks ready to build up the position that Nietzsche portrays as awful. Nietzsche comprehends the advancement of the deplorable position required by opportunity to rely on reasoning. He subsequently concurs with Mill that opportunity isn't just rewarded in philosophical works, yet in addition created through philosophical practice. Mill’s conversation of freedom centers around when society may force requirements on people, as opposed to on the idea of limitation. Likewise, his conversation by and large alludes to purposeful, as opposed to unexpected, limitations on people. In any case, Mill accepts that traditions and conventions are compelling. To the degree that these are the accidental consequences of human life, he is focused on the view that some limitation is inadvertent. Plant has contended that the

Quality and Environmental Management

Proper administration frameworks guarantee quality and more secure structures. The reason for this report is to assess Domhus UK Ltd, a maker of high detail pre-assembled houses, different angles with respect to its operations.Advertising We will compose a custom report test on Quality and Environmental Management explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More By investigating different development the executives books, diaries, and sites, the report examines the company’s huge natural viewpoints, appropriate destinations, targets and ecological administration programs, and the pertinent evaluating courses of action for the incorporated administration framework. Company’s huge natural viewpoints The way that the organization fabricates the greater part of its segments in a controlled domain diminishes the misuse of materials and reduces ecological effects ashore and the general public. The organization can incorporate squanders into the development procedure as opposed to being lost nearby and disposed of as landfill. The materials, which are generally natural, have low typifies vitality contrasted with the materials mined from the earth’s outside (Birkeland 2008, p.104). The reuse of segments serves to keep the earth clean with the natural materials, which contain less petrochemicals, upgrading a more advantageous condition particularly concerning air contamination (Bragancì §a 2007, p.105). Since on location development is limited, different types of poisons that may have been brought into nature are maintained a strategic distance from. In such manner, wellbeing and security are kept up while simultaneously keeping away from soil, which could burden nearby inhabitants. Moreover, these practices guarantee the assurance of the living spaces, conduits, and other regular highlights (Howarth Watson 2009, p.35). The minimisation of the utilization of vitality during the development stage is likewise advantageous. Reasonable ecological projects The structure procedure ought to include an itemized evaluation of the development procedure to take out any tricky wellbeing and security issues inside the plan (Lowton 1997, p.67). The sorting out and controlling of the work nearby ought to guarantee the recognition of ecological safety.Advertising Looking for report on business financial aspects? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More By watching site-explicit retrofitting, pre-assembled structures can extensively add to decreased land inclusion asset blemishes (Schaur 2005, p. 78). Moreover, building pre-assembled structures in blend with nursery parts of warming, cooling, and ventilation can be helpful. High convergences of the inside condition contaminants can be limited. Embracing progressively feasible standards in the materials and creation frameworks will encourage all the more earth cordial structures. The pre-assembled houses can be intended to accomplish hig h-vitality productivity and subsequently limit the utilization of non-inexhaustible assets and guarantee proper administration of the sustainable and nearby assets (Mehta et al. 2008, p.32). Such incorporate the minimisation of the broad utilization of cooling. The structures ought to be vitality productive and use vitality from inexhaustible sources by indicating reused materials (Hawkes Forster 2002, p. 197) Materials, for example, sandwich-organized composite are proper in warm improvement, sound protection, and air snugness. The organization ought to keep away from the utilization of construction materials that may effectsly affect the earth. Concerning the outer providers, the organization ought to attempt meetings in looking for their contribution for a more secure condition and embrace procedure of recognizing, evaluating, and controlling the effects of its exercises (Fryer et al. 2004, p. 81). This relationship ought to convey top notch items and administrations that are eco logical well disposed (Feld Carper 1997, p. 103). It is suitable to receive a ceaseless improvement plot that advances wellbeing and security and keep up a natural administration framework that is applicable to ecological protection (Chitkara, 1998, p. 93). The organization ought to instruct and prepare its staff in issues of ecological conservation. Also, the organization ought to conform to all the applicable enactment and guidelines that identify with natural wellbeing and security and some other industry codes of training in such manner. This involves the improvement of the considerable number of parts of configuration, make, recruit, establishment, and administration (Smith 1999, p.48). An ordinary survey of the quality targets and the administration framework through self-examination, client criticism, and outsider check is vital.Advertising We will compose a custom report test on Quality and Environmental Management explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Audit ing game plans Prefabrication requires fundamentally differing capital prerequisites, strategic abilities, and specific work. The capital expenses incorporate the expenses of bringing in the pre-assembled constructing sections or the expenses of raising a modern plant to create the structure fragments (Harris et al. 2006, p. 64). The coordinations include moving huge pre-assembled fabricating portions to the building site. The coordinations become increasingly mind boggling with scatter building destinations, significantly enormous structure fragments, and poor street systems and transport frameworks. With lack of foresight, the multifaceted nature associated with pre-assembled development may cause expanded costs that surpass the investment funds anticipated from diminished time, work, and materials (Goodchild 2008, p. 82). An organization must provide food for choices to address any interruptions in the flexibly of materials and fittings. It should likewise cook for sudden issues during the development procedure. Legitimate examination estimates will guarantee that issues are stayed away from as the utilization of specific parts builds the support expenses and postpones any medicinal work because of challenges related with sourcing. Budgetary remittance is fundamental for all remaining danger things. The recurrence of the inspecting procedure ought to accentuate on the essential segments of the organization, for example, the creation procedure (Hughes Ferrett, 2011). A very much organized inspecting program in such manner will give an away from of the adequacy of the creation procedure. Along these lines, the organization can control the dangers related with damaged items by settling on educated choices. With respect to wander assessments, the reviewing procedure ought to consider the one of a kind issues in regards to activity of the joint endeavors. Each gathering ought to be seen autonomously. A legitimate reviewing procedure ought to encouraged worth adm inistration with the goal that the organization meets the customer business needs in issues concerning time, cost, quality and hazard obliges. It should likewise guarantee maintainable development regarding social, monetary, and natural viewpoints (Kay et al. 1989, p.53). End Appropriate administration frameworks encourage the acknowledgment of a company’s targets. The two its on location and offsite tasks should address ecological safeguarding regarding contamination and vitality conservation.Advertising Searching for report on business financial matters? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More References Birkeland, J. (2008). Positive turn of events: from awful circles to temperate cycles through manufactured condition structure. Earthscan: London. Bragancì §a, L. (2007). Portugal SB07 supportable development, materials and practices : challenge of the business for the new millenium. Delft University Press: Amsterdam, Netherlands. Chitkara, K. K. (1998). Development venture the executives: arranging, booking and controlling.Tata McGraw-Hill Pub: New Delhi, India. Feld, J., Carper, K. L. (1997). Development disappointment (second ed.). Wiley: New York. Fryer, B. G., Fryer, M., Egbu, C. O., Ellis, R., Gorse, C. A. (2004). The act of development the executives: individuals and business execution (fourth ed.). Blackwell Pub: Oxford, U.K. Goodchild, B. (2008). Homes, urban communities and neighborhoods: arranging and the private scenes of present day Britain. Aldershot, England: Ashgate. Harris, F., McCaffer, R., Fotwe, F. (2006). Present day development the board (sixth ed.). Blackwell: Oxford. Hawkes, D., Forster, W. (2002). Vitality effective structures: design, building, and condition. W.W. Norton Co; New York. Howarth, T., Watson, P. (2009). Development wellbeing the executives. Wiley-Blackwell: Chichester, U.K. Hughes, P., Ferrett, E. (2011). Prologue to wellbeing and security in development: the handbook for the NEBOSH development authentication (fourth ed.). Routledge: London. Kay, R. S., Searfoss, D. G., Minter, F. C. (1989). Handbook of bookkeeping and evaluating (second ed.). Warren, Gorham Lamont: Boston. Lowton, R. M. (1997). Development and the common habitat. Butterworth-Heinemann: Oxford. Mehta, M., Scarborough, W., Armpriest, D. (2008). Building development: standards, materials, and frameworks. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson/Prentice Hall. Schaur, C. (2005). Improvement of Buildings’ Structural Quality by New Technologies: Outcome of the Cooperative Activities : Final Report, September 2004. A. A. Balkema: London. Smith, N. J. (1999). Overseeing hazard in development ventures. Blackwell Science: Oxford. This report on Quality and Environmental Management was composed and presented by client Emery Yang to help you with your own examinations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; be that as it may, you should refer to it as needs be. You can give your paper here.

Breif Biography of Elbridge Gerry

Breif Biography of Elbridge Gerry Free Online Research Papers Conceived on July 17, 1744 in Marblehead, Massachusetts, Elbridge Gerry was the third of twelve kids. He grew up to examination at Harvard to turn into a trader and graduated in 1762. His dad possessed a boat building business that Elbridge worked at. In 1786 he wedded Ann Thompson, the little girl of an affluent New York shipper. She was 21 years his lesser. Gerry contradicted business burdens and was chosen for the Massachusetts General Court on an enemy of British battle in May 1772. He was chosen for the Massachusetts Legislature in 1773. In 1774 he was chosen to go to the Provincial Congress. At the Continental Congress he accomplished board take a shot at business and maritime concerns. In 1798 he went to the Constitutional Convention, however he was against the Federal Constitution. In spite of the fact that he had marked both the Declaration of Independence and the Articles of Confederation, Gerry was one of three to decline to sign the Constitution. He spoke to Massachusetts in the initial two Congresses as an Anti-Administration competitor, and in the wake of being chosen into Congress, Gerry turned into a solid supporter of the new government and Alexander Hamilton’s provides details regarding open credit. He additionally bolstered the Bank of the United States. In 1797 he was an emissary sent to France. After different representatives of the emissary returned, Elbridge remained in France, so he was blamed for supporting the French. He filled in as legislative head of Massachusetts in 1780 and 1781. Gerry got a great deal of analysis since he redistricted the state to the upside of his own ideological group. In 1812 he was chosen as Vice President under President Madison. On November 23, 1814, he kicked the bucket in Washington, D.C. Research Papers on Breif Biography of Elbridge GerryQuebec and CanadaAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2Assess the significance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeBringing Democracy to AfricaTwilight of the UAWNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationWhere Wild and West Meet19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug Use

What Ideas Would You Bring To Classroom?

What Ideas Would You Bring To Classroom? To make the learning of jargon all the more intriguing, an assortment of exercises can be led. Understudies can have a board race in class, to rehearse the language use. The class is isolated into two gatherings. The board is isolated into two sections. One understudy from each gathering goes to the board. The educator gives them a sentence to compose. For instance: compose the word in the board, and the prefix and addition at the privilege and left hand side of the root word. Understudies are to race to the board to demonstrate whether the word has a prefix or postfix. All understudies are permitted to help the individual at the board however they are not permitted to allude to any books or reference materials. No focuses will be granted if any of the groups utilizes a book or any reference materials. This empowers the understudies to survey a great deal of material and recognizes normal issue territories. Moreover, it encourages participation and binds together the understudies as a gathering. The following action is the dictagloss. The dictagloss has initially been formulated as a method for learning jargon in an unknown dialect. It is likewise a helpful strategy to urge understudies to cooperate to remove significance from complex content. The dictagloss is an extremely valuable action that encourages understudies to utilize language so as to learn. Understudies should tune in to a book being peruse and recreate it. As understudies can likewise build composed outlines, a dictagloss additionally requires the understudies to deliberately concentrate on their insight into the substance and the connection among thoughts and words. Another movement is the utilization of a short book. A chose short book is perused to the class at ordinary pace. The understudies tune in for significance. The content is perused again and as it is being perused, understudies are to write down watchwords and expressions. Working in little gatherings the understudies pool their words and expressions and endeavor to remake the content from their common assets. Their form ought to contain the fundamental thoughts of the content and estimated the language decisions of the section. Each gathering of understudies delivers their own recreated form, focusing on linguistic precision and literary attachment however not at reproducing the first content. Each gathering presents their completed adaptation to the class and every content is broke down and thought about and the understudies should then refine their own writings in the light of the common investigation and conversation. Next, a library can be set up inside the study hall. The library can be evaluated. This urge the understudy to peruse as they can approach library books without any problem. Through perusing, understudies get new words and in this manner broaden their jargon. The understudy who read the most number of books will be compensated. To make learning of jargon increasingly agreeable, understudies can likewise carry on or have an emulate where they are given cards with guidelines like Open the package silently, or Walk over the room circumspectly, and play out the activities without talking. Different understudies will attempt to figure the word or articulation that the understudy is emulating. Each time, an understudy surmise effectively, focuses will be granted. To show equivalent words and antonyms, the instructor passes out a rundown of words to every understudy. There ought to be two segments close to each word, mark the heading of every segment, equivalent and antonym. The educator at that point read out the equivalents and antonyms of those words. The understudies need to compose these words close to the word they are the equivalent or something contrary to. It tends to be introduced thusly:- Toward the finish of the exercise, the instructor experiences the rundowns with the class utilizing a board. When perusing a section, understudies can be instructed various implications of natural jargon insofar as the words are not outside of any relevant connection to the subject at hand, perceiving definitions, speculating circumstances and logical results, inverse or differentiating words or expressions, center around Subject-Verb-Order, where understudies think about what the general feeling of the word it is. In the event that it is a thing, determine whether it is an individual, place, thing, unique thought. On the off chance that it is an action word, state whether it is an activity, or an inclination or feeling.. In the event that it is a modifier, state what the descriptive word is depicting Good or terrible, Size, Color, Shape or Emotion? To empower understudies to learn jargon in a pleasant manner, a game called Password can be presented. In this game, the class is isolated into two groups. One individual from each group sits in a seat before the class. Those two individuals get a card with a jargon card. The main individual provides a single word insight into his/her group. On the off chance that nobody from the group can figure, the subsequent individual provides some insight into his/her group. This exchanges to and fro until somebody from one of the group surmises the word, or until a predefined number of pieces of information has been given. Focuses will be offered to each group with the right response. The triumphant group will be granted. Reference index: http://eca.state.gov/gathering/vols/vol42/no2/p16.htm http://www.collaborativelearning.org/howearthwasformed.pdf http://www.learnenglish.de/Teachers/synonymantonym.html The TESOL reading material Utilizing what you have perused in this prologue to TESOL and your own insight, what do you consider to be the squares which may forestall language learning? One square of language learning is language learning style, as understudies gain uniquely in contrast to other people. Becoming acquainted with the understudies learning style will assist with coordinating the sort of exercises completed in class to guarantee viable learning. Instructors can likewise be increasingly flexible and embrace an assortment of training styles to suit the various learnings styles of the understudies. Fossilization and bogus students can impede the understudy from learning the new dialect. Fossilization frequently implies that specific parts of the language were found out not completely or erroneously, for example, linguistic highlights like conjugating action words in an inappropriate manner or utilizing an inappropriate jargon, in such a way, that they can't be unlearned and supplanted with right use. Fossilization may likewise comprise of a kind of subliminal sticking to parts of the students native language, for example, with punctuation and phonology. This may mirror a failure to comparatively unlearn qualities of a mother language to get familiar with another; the local language so profoundly designed into the mind that its ideal models can't be supplanted when endeavoring to get familiar with another and unknown dialect. Another square to language learning is language partiality. Generalizations and social inclination, the instructors complement are factors that may influence the learning of the language. For instance, remote accents are all over and are digging in for the long haul; by the by, highlighted English, for instance, is looked downward on, by and large harshly. Likewise, inside what is allude to as a language, certain methods for communicating in that language (AAE, for instance) meet with incredible bias, social and racial in nature. Along these lines, all language educators must work to conquer language bias, as it for the most part fills in as a cover over class and racial partiality ought to be endured as well. One of the greatest test ESL educators face is that one ESL class may comprise of understudies from numerous countries, regardless of whether, for instance, they are on the whole Spanish-talking nations. The way of life of Ecuador, Peru, Argentina, Columbia, and Mexico , for example, are especially extraordinary, so educators ought not accept that understudies who share a typical local language will have comparable social foundations. Indeed, even understudies from various districts of a similar nation will have distinctive social convictions and conventions that ought to be regarded and saved. Being increasingly aware of the various societies will assist with improving an instructor. Broad research has just been done in the territory of local language impedance on the objective language. Dulay et al (1982) characterize obstruction as the programmed move, because of propensity, of the surface structure of the main language onto the outside of the objective language. Lott (1983: 256) characterizes impedance as blunders in the students utilization of the unknown dialect that can be followed back to the primary language. Ellis (1997: 51) alludes to impedance as move, which he says is the impact that the students L1 applies over the procurement of a L2. He contends that move is administered by students observations about what is transferable and by their phase of advancement in L2 learning. In learning an objective language, students develop their own interval rules (Selinker, 1971, Seligar, 1988 and Ellis, 1997) with the utilization of their L1 information, yet just when they trust it will help them in the learning task or when they have gotten adequately capable in the L2 for move to be conceivable. Different components that may forestall language learning is as a rule excessively hesitant about their utilization of language, and a dread of being misconstrued. Not including enough presentation inside the class and outside will likewise forestall language learning, as understudies won't have enough chances to utilize the language. For the most part, the troubles grown-ups face incorporate the accompanying: 1. Hesitant 2. no regard for instructor 3. fossilized blunders 4. individual issues/governmental issues 5. interruptions 6. various levels/capacities Nonetheless, the troubles instructors face incorporate 1. absence of intrigue 2. time the executives 3. non-verbal communication 4. Instructor Talk Time 5. guaranteeing cooperation Catalog http://hufs.davidboesch.com/GSE_YLDownloads/Reid.Joy.LearningStylePreferenesESLLearners.pdf http://www.brighthub.com/instruction/dialects/articles/63102.aspx http://www.asian-efl-journal.com/interviews_W-ONeil.php http://www.yourdictionary.com/esl/ESL_Classroom-and-Cultural_Sensitivity.html http://www.experiencefestival.com/an/English_as_an_additional_language_-_Difficulties_for_learners/id/5023415 It appears to be sensible to recommend that the inspiration that understudies bring to class is the greatest single factor influencing their prosperity. Remark (500-750 words) Understudies all things considered, all around the globe, are figuring out how to communicate in English. A few understudies need to learn

Judicial killings by the Police - Free Essay Example

In India, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“encounter killingsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  are tragically common. Encounter killing is now a euphemism to indicate extrajudicial execution by the police in staged à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“encounterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  scenarios where persons are killed apparently in exercise of the policeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s right to self-defence. Incidents of encounter killings are widely reported in news media and are even glorified. Perpetrators of this brand of violence enjoy impunity and immunity from the criminal justice system. Further, police personnel with special à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“expertiseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  in extrajudicial killings are hailed as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“encounter specialistsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , enjoy key positions in the system and are revered in the State institution and in civil society. This widespread support of encounter killing is also attributable to the fact that, most commonly, victims are those considered anti-social elements with criminal antecedents. The wide prevalence of encounter deaths or extra-judicial killings by the Police and the Armed Forces post independent period has been documented by various human rights organizations. A study conducted by the Asia Pacific Human Rights Network noted that encounter killings were not isolated incidents but occurred throughout India. They are part of a deliberate and conscious state administrative practice for which successive Indian governments must bear responsibility.[1] Indeed, successive Indian governments have adopted a de facto policy sanctioning extra-judicial killings by members of the police forces, army and security personnel. Definitions: Extra judicial killings, as defined in the United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders, refers to the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the practice of killing and executing political opponents or suspected offenders carried out by armed forces, law enforcement or other governmental agencies or by paramilitary or political groups acting with the support, tacit or otherwise, of official forces or agencies.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [2] According to Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"encounterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ in general means à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“unexpectedly be faced with or experience (something hostile or difficult)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , it can be defined in the context for the present purpose as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“an incident in which police shoot dead a suspected criminalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ .[3] Sir Nigel Rodley, UN Commission on Human Rights Special Rapporteur on Torture (1993-2003),extra-judicial executions as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“killings committed outside the judicial process by or with the consent of, public officials, other than as necessary measures of law enforcement to protect life or as acts of armed conflict carried out in conformity with the rules of international humanitarian law.[4] Amnesty International in a 2003 report characterised an extra-judicial execution as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“an unlawful and deliberate killing carried out by order of a government or with its acquiescenceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . The report further says that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Extra-judicial killings are killings which can reasonably be assumed to be the result of a policy at any level of government to eliminate specific individuals as an alternative to arresting them and bringing them to justice. These killings take place outside any judicial framework.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [5] The phrase à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"encounter killingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ is derived from the term à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"encounterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ as employed by the Indian Police Service, along with the Indian Military and Paramilitary, to describe a specific kind of contact whereby an alleged criminal or person of interest is killed in à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"spontaneous, unplanned à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“shootoutà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢.[6] According to Manisha Sethi, a police à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“encounter killingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , or, simply, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“encounterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  is a term with no legal validity but which has seeped via the media into Indian English so surely that it has acquired a life of its own. It refers to a face-to-face interaction between the police and suspects leading to the killing of the suspects.[7] Encounter killings are one element of a broader category called extra-judicial executions. Note that these custodial deaths generally exclude à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“ encoun terà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  killings. The police typically claim they killed in self-defence outside police custody.[8] Encounter and Fake encounter à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" the Difference: The real encounters means state-owned force or police opens fire on armed criminals, indigenous armed people groups or non-state actors as a retaliatory measure to defend civilians or themselves or safeguard public life or Institutions of public importance like Mumbai attack or 9/11 US attack or Indian parliament attack or attack on police /armed forces convoy. Fake encounter is a murder under the colour of performance of official duty. A fake encounter is where a person has been killed in cold blood, and not in self-defence, whereas a genuine encounter is that in which a person has been killed in self-defence. If somebody is firing at you, and the only way to stop him from killing or grievously injuring you is to shoot back, in that case youà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢re a part of a genuine encounter Where as a fake encounter is when you catch hold of somebody and kill him in cold blood. There is absolutely no threat to you.[9] In afake encounter, the police or armed forces kill the suspects, when they are either incustodyor are unarmed, and then claim to have shot them in self-defence. In such cases, the police may plant weapons on or near the corpses to provide a justification for killing the individual. To explain the discrepancy between records that show that the individual was in police custody at the time of his encounter, the police may say that the suspect had escaped.[10] It is alleged that police typically take a suspected militant into custody without filing an arrest report. If the suspect died during interrogation, security forces would deny ever taking the person into custody and instead claim that they were killed during an armed encounter.[11]It is alleged that police would add weapons to the dead body to demonstrate cause for killing the individual, stage-managing t he encounter, leading to the popular phrase à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“fake encounter killing.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [12]Other similar occasions were that militants were staging an attack, or the suspect attempted to escape to recover militant arms while being escorted. At times, the police applied for and received production warrants, which allowed them to remove individuals accused in terrorism cases from jail. They often killed the detainees in fake encounters outside the jail.[13] The Modus operandi of encounter killings reveals whether it is fake or not. There are certain incidents associated with encounters such as the time and place of occurrence and the arms recovered gives a lead that the encounter was a staged or fake. Most of the staged encounter killings occured in middle of night, large vehicles such as Maruti gypsies, TATA Sumo and van were used for transportation. The place of occurrence was far from human settlement or habitation. Forensic/ballistic examinations of exhibits were mos tly avoided or unduly delayed, and the investigation ultimately fizzled out. There was police patrolling in the crime areas prior to and after, but not during the killings. The Central and State governments generally interpret the word, encounter, to mean genuine encounters, with fake encounters being an exception rather than the rule. Those fighting for civil liberties, however, say that the dividing line between genuine and fake encounters is rather tenuous and argued that most of the cases considered by the police as genuine are indeed fake.[14] Historical Background Killing people in cold-blood and describing the incident as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“an encounter where an exchange of fire took place at the end of which the police discovered some dead bodiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  dates back to the early part of the last century. Perhaps this devious method of killing was invented by the British.[15] A notorious instance of an encounter took place in 1924 when Alluri Sitarama Raju, who le d a tribal upheaval against the British, was killed. However, recent research explored the reality that he was caught and killed in cold-blood without any exchange of fire.[16] à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Encounter has been a dirty word in India for decades, especially since the Punjab insurgency ofthe 1980s and 1990s.[17] Since independence encounter killings have been prevalent in the unstable regions such as Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab, areas with Maoist presence, the North East, and crime flooded areas of Mumbai.[18] Though today encounter is considered as an operation against terrorism, insurgency and left wing extremism, anti-dacoit, each state in India has its own cause and reason, own story behind the birth of encounters killings. The history of encounters in some of the major states are as follows. Maharashtra Maharashtra was among the first States to introduce à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“encounter killingsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  as a method of policing and has perfected it over time.[19] Encounters fall into two categories in the State à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" shootouts that take place in Mumbai, which are largely underworld-related, and those that take place in the districts, particularly in the naxalite corridor that borders Andhra Pradesh.[20] Police documents say that encounters began in the early 1980s, when the underworld started exercising control over the city, when Gang rivalries were at their peak, the police began to eliminate key gangsters in order to curb crime or even to settle scores and such encounters eventually became a means to break the underworld in the city.[21] But by the early 1990s the after serial bomb blasts of 1993, a special force trained in automatic weaponry was created in the police to combat the underworld terror and finish off gangsters thereby virtually given the licence to kill which later came to be known as the Encounter Specialists. Jammu and Kashmir Encounters have been a regular feature in Jammu and Kashmir for the past 15 years to counter insurgency-related violence. The intensive campaign of encounter killings of civilians by Kashmiri militant groups, started in 1998, continued, and included several political killings. Separatist militants committed numerous, serious abuses, including killing of armed forces personnel, police, government officials, and civilians; torture; rape; and brutality. They also were responsible for kidnaping and extortion in the state.[22] The first encounter that attracted attention was the killing of five people by the police and 7 Rashtriya Rifles in the Pathribal area of south Kashmir on March 25, 2000. This came five days after the massacre of 35 Sikhs by unidentified gunmen in Chhatisinghpora in the valley obviously to invite the attention of visiting United States President Bill Clinton towards Kashmir.[23] The US Department of State estimated the Indian Security forces killed 1520 alleged militants in 2000 and 1082 in 1999, all in encounters, in Jammu and Kashmir.[24 ] North Eastern States For years, security forces inManipurhave faced allegations of human rights violations and extrajudicial killings committed under cover of the Armed Forces Special Powers Act (AFSPA). Irom Sharmila, started a hunger fast in protest against the AFSPA in 2000.[25] In July 2004, the nation was rocked by the protests of a group of Manipuri women who marched to an Assam Rifles base in Imphal, stripped naked and raised a searing banner: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Indian Army Rape Usà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . A fortnight earlier they were protesting the rape, torture and murder of Thangjam Manorama, 32, who was picked up from her home at night by the Assam Rifles.[26] other notable encounters include Azad Khan, Khumbongmayum Orsonjit, Nameirakpam Gobin Meitei, Nameirakpam Nobo Meitei, Elangbam Kiranjit Singh, ChongthamUmakanta and Akoijam Priyobroto.[27] Punjab Most of the police encounters in Punjab were disguised under counter-insurgency between 1984 and 1995. The victim usu ally was a person believed to be a militant or involved in the militant separatist movement. These encounters were reported to local newspapers and to the family members of those killed. Andhra Pradesh Andhra Pradesh, probably the worst affected state with hundreds of such encounters that snatched away the lives of about 4,000 people during the last four decades. It was during the 1940s, more than 3,000 cadres and other persons who participated in the Telangana peasant armed struggle (1946-51) were killed in à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“encountersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , most of them being fake.[28] While it was the Nizamà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s police that used the liquidat ­ing method during 1946-48, two-thirds of these encounter killings took place under military rule and subsequent civil rule of the government of India between 1948 and 1951.[29] Thus, the then Hyderabad state has the dubious distinction of the first state to kill its own people in the name of encounters in post-1947 India.[3 0] Tamil Nadu Nearly 60 per cent of all cases on extrajudicial deaths are received from the state of Uttar Pradesh (UP), where the victims are usually individuals with criminal backgrounds. In Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and TamilNadu, all the anti-dacoit operations are disguised in the form of encounters. In Tamilnadu the trend of encounter started since 1980à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s. Some of the famous encounter killings in Tamilnadu are that of Veerappan, the notorious forest brigand who was killed by the Special Task Force (STF) in 2004, Al-Umma activist Imam Aliand his associates in Bangalore, Venkatesa Pannaiyar, local rowdies like à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Punkà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Kumar, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Urundaià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Rajan, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Manal meduà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Shankar and the more recently the killing of five suspects involved in a bank robbery. Its interesting to note that most of encounters which involved killing of rowdies, gundas, goons and anti-social elements were fake , the people of Tamilnadu appreciate as eliminating them results in maintenance of law and order. The encounter killings of Uttar Pradesh state is discussed in the next chapter. Besides a common national agenda such as anti-terrorism, anti-naxal operations and also anti-dacoit operations encounter killings happens for various other reasons too. Infact most of the fake and staged encounter killings happens for these reasons. Personal vendetta One such factor is the personal vendetta of the police, either towards the fellow police personnel Gonda Encounter case[31] or RTI activists who acts as whistleblowerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s bringing out the truth and justice into limelight.[32] Contract killing Some of the officials who are trained in such encounter become à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"encounter specialistsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and later for their personal benefits carry out contract killings by converting these into encounters. Some were acting against rival gangs and bumping off o nly members of a particular gang.[33] The recent judgment of a Delhi court holding guilty ten policemen for the killing of two businessmen in an encounter killing is another example for such killing.[34] To Byepass the enquiry for custodial death There are instances where in order to bypass magisterial enquiry under the amended Section 176(1-A)[35] of the CrPC the custodials death too are converted to encounter deaths. According to section 176(1 A) the Judicial Magistrate or the Metropolitan Magistrate has to enquire into the death of persons in police custody. Peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Watch, in its independent fact-finding, found that most cases of encounter killings, were in fact, custodial deaths where the deceased was already in the custody of the police and that an encounter scenario was staged as though the deceased resisted arrest, in order to bypass the procedure established under Section 176(1-A).[36] [1] à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Encounter Killing, Torture and Custodial Deathà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  available at à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“https://urgentquestions.blogspot.in/2010/12/sunshine-india-encounter-killings.htmlà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  [2] Sixth United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders, Caracas, 25 August-5 September 1980: report prepared by the Secretariat (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.81.IV.4), chap. I, sect. B, resolution 5. [3] https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/us/definition/english/encounter_2 (Last Accessed March 2014) [4] Nigel S. Rodley and Matt Pollard, The Treatment of Prisoners under International Law 252 (Oxford University Press, Oxford 3rd ed., 2009) [5] Amnesty International, Israel and the Occupied Territories: Israel must put an immediate end to the policy and practice of assassinations, 4 July 2003 available at : https://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/MDE15/056/2003/en/16f1eef4-d6bd-11dd-ab95 a13b602c0642/mde1505620 03en.htm [6] Belur Jyoti, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Why do the Police use Deadly Force? Explaining Police Encounters in Mumbaià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , British Journal of Criminology (2009, Nov) [7] Manisha Sethi, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Fake Encounters in India: Instant Justice By Police and Posthumous Trial by Mediaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  available at:https://aparc.stanford.edu/events/fake_encounters_in_india_instant_justice_by_police_and_posthumous_trial_by_media/ (Last Accessed March 2014) [8]Praful Bidwai, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Murder by encounterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , available at: https://www.prafulbidwai.org/index.php?post/2009/10/09/Murder-by-encounter (Last Accessed March 2014) [9] Astha Maheswari, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Fake encounters in Indiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  available at https://www.ndtvmi.com/b4/dopesheets/aastha.pdf (Last Accessed March 2014) [10] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encounter_killings_by_police [11] US Department of state, India Human Rights Practices, 1993 available at: https://dosfan.lib.uic .edu/ERC/democracy/1993_hrp_report/93hrp_report_sasia/India.html [12] Pepper, DanielIndia Makes a Place for Dirty Harry available at: https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/01/weekinreview/01pepper.html?_r=1pagewanted=all [13] Communication to Special Rhttps://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/01/weekinreview/01pepper.html?_r=1pagewanted=allepresentative on the Situation of Human Rights Defenders. Ensaaf. 05/12/2006 available at: https://www.ensaaf.org/pdf/un/Bhatti.pdf [14]Venugopal.V, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Evading Guidelinesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , 27(17) FRONTLINE (2010, Aug 14-27 [15] Venugopal, N, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Fake Encounters: Story from Andhra Pradesh 42(41) EPW 4106-11 (2007, Oct) [16] Ibid [17] Anil Kalhan, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Human Rights: Quantifying Indias Encounter Deaths And Disappearancesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , SAJA Forum March 13, 2009à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , https://www.sajaforum.org/2009/03/human-rights-quantifying-encounter-deaths-and-disappearances.html (Last Accessed March 2014) [18] R ao, P.Srikrishna Deva, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Encounter Killings in Andhra Pradeshà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  30 EPW 2787-8 (1995, Nov) [19] Katakam Anupama, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Fake justiceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , 26(20) FRONTLINE (2009, Sep. 26-Oct. 09) https://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2620/stories/20091009262002000.htm [20] Ibid [21] Ibid [22] United States Department of State,2000 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices India, February 23, 2001 available at : https://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2000/sa/717.htm [23] Shujaat Bukhari à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Fake justiceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , 26(20) FRONTLINE (2009, Sep. 26-Oct. 09) [24] United States Department of State,2000 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices India, February 23, 2001 available at : https://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2000/sa/717.htm [25] Teresa Rehman, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Murder In Plain Sightà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , 6 (31) TEHELKA (2009, August 08) available at https://www.tehelka.com/murder-in-plain-sight/ [26] Ibid [27] https://www.hueiyenlanpao.com/headlines/item/8561-extrajudicial-killings-panel-wraps-up-hearing-report-to-be-submitted-in-a-week [28] Supra Venugopal, N, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Fake Encounters: Story from Andhra Pradesh 42(41) EPW 4106-11 (2007, Oct) [29] Ibid [30]Ibid [31] The1982 Gonda Encounteris an ongoing criminal case involving the murder of 13 people including the Deputy Superintendent of police inGonda districtof the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. A alleged group clash had occurred on the night of 12 March 1982 in Madhavpur village located within the Katrabazar police station area in Gonda district. DSP K P Singh, on getting the information about the criminals Ram Bhulawan and Arjun Pasi, went to the village with the police.KP Singh was later taken to the hospital where doctors declared him brought dead. 12 other people also died who were later declared dacoits by R B Saroj (who was head of police station) and his partners. The police later submitted a report saying the DSP was killed by dacoits in a bomb attack and the policemen killed the dacoits in an encounter. They also showed the bodies of 12 people as evidence. Later it was found that it was a killing motivated by the conduct of an honest officer in this case, Mr Singh who wanted to act against his subordinates who were hand-in-glove with local criminals. After 24 long years of investigation, the special CBI court convicted eight policemen on March 29, 2013. In the trial period of 19 policemen who were charge sheeted, 10 had died and seven had retired. On 5 April 2013, the CBI court judge Rajendra Singh announced death penalty for three policemen and life imprisonment for the five remaining accused. [32] https://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/the-real-truth/entry/encounter-killings-of-rti-activists-gujarat-tops-charts [33] à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Fake encounters back in closetà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  https://www.asianage.com/mumbai/fake-encounters-back-closet-751 [34] https://www.pucl.org/bull etins/2007/PUCLdec07.pdf [35] After 2005 Amendment of Cr.P.C Section 176(1-A) was included which reads as follows, Where,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬  (a) any person dies or disappears, or (b) rape is alleged to have been committed on any woman, while such person or woman is in the custody of the police or in any other custody authorised by the Magistrate or the court, under this Code in addition to the inquiry or investigation held by the police, an inquiry shall be held by the Judicial Magistrate or the Metropolitan Magistrate, as the case may be, within whose local jurisdiction the offence has been committed [36] https://www.peopleswatch.org/dm-documents/Reports/Annual Report/Annual Report 2008-2009.pdf

TOK Essay Topics - Preparing For Your TOK Essay Topics

TOK Essay Topics - Preparing For Your TOK Essay TopicsTo prepare for your TOK essay topics, you need to set aside some time and think about how you are going to look at the different schools and the faculty at each institution. You also need to think about the types of courses that you would be taking. Each essay topic can be very different and you must be able to think of a few ways that you can apply to your career. And if you want to go the extra mile and include the fact that you are taking an advanced degree in education, you are going to have to think of a few options to make sure that you are getting the information you need.In order to get started, you need to consider your experience and how you would be applying your previous experiences to your TOK essay topics. This can be especially true if you have already worked in a school setting and can use that experience to show that you are equipped to take on a higher level of education.But you also need to consider if the schoo ls are going to be offering you something to really help you out when it comes to getting prepared for your TOK essay topics. This is going to be the first thing that you need to think about because if they are not, you need to be able to find out what that is going to be. You should also be looking at the requirements and the educational programs that the institution has to offer. Of course, you are going to want to find out what they offer and how you can better fit into it.So in order to think about what your options are, you are going to want to do some in-depth reading and get your facts and figures straight. This is going to help you figure out the qualifications that the school has for you to get into their institution. You are also going to want to find out what their admissions requirements are and how you can better fit into their educational programs.Of course, the way that you are going to have to prepare for your TOK essay topics is to think about the school admissions requirements. Since this is going to be a separate essay, you are going to have to find out what they are and why they are being considered. You are also going to have to think about the required coursework and the average class size. These are some of the things that you will want to look at and figure out.You are also going to want to figure out whether or not the program in your previous year work is going to be used and what you need to put in your list of accomplishments. These are going to be the things that you will need to consider in order to look at your strengths and weaknesses.So the first thing that you are going to need to do is think about the TOK essay topics that you are going to be writing. You are going to want to start with your four-year academic degree. Then you are going to need to get into the school's mission statement and why they are the way that they are. After that, you will have to fill in your other accomplishments that you have as well as the qualific ations that the institution is looking for.